Census taking in Canada was divided into enumeration districts which were usually located around cities and counties. The districts were divided into sub-districts which were usually located around towns, townships and city wards. Villages, small towns, parishes and seigneuries were generally enumerated as part of the township in which they were located. Census and county boundaries did not always coincide since boundaries and town names changed or disappeared. The first census in Canada was undertaken in 1666 by Intendant Jean Talon. Census taking was not required until it was put into the Constitution in 1867. Before 1867 census taking was sketchy and it was not until 1851 that it became established as a way of assessing population and colonial needs for the government. (Taken from: "Census Returns, 1666-1891." Public Archives, Canada, 1987.) In 1792, the United Counties of Northumberland and Durham were officially created in a proclamation made by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. The proclamation divided Upper Canada in 19 counties for representation purposes. The United Counties are bounded by Lake Ontario in the south, Hasting County in the east, Ontario County in the west and Peterborough and Victoria Counties in the north. The town line between Hope and Hamilton Townships divide the two counties. Durham County consists of the Townships of Cartwright, Manvers, Cavan, Darlington, Clarke and Hope. Northumberland County consists of South Monaghan, Hamilton, Haldimand, Alnwick, Percy, Cramahe, Seymour, Brighton and Murray Townships. (Taken from: "Illustrated Historical Atlas of Northumberland and Durham Counties, Ontario." Belleville: Mika Silk Screening Limited, 1972.)
John Bertram & Sons was a business in Dundas, Ontario in the early Twentieth Century.
The first meeting of the Brighton Women's Auxiliary was held in January, 1895 at the Anglican Parsonage. The President was Caroline M. Westmacott, presumably the wife of A.G.E. Westmacott, Church of England clergyman in Brighton at the time.
The Federal Cultural Policy Review Committee (F.C.P.R.C.) was created in August 1980 by the Honourable Francis Fox, Secretary of State and Minister of Communications, to review Canadian cultural institutions and cultural policy. This was the first such commission since the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences of 1949-1951. The F.C.P.R.C. grew from an Advisory Commission on Cultural Policy which had been established in November 1979 by the Honourable David MacDonald. The committee held public hearings and developed its own recommendations. Known as the Applebaum-Hebert Commission after Louis Applebaum and Jacques Hebert, the Final Report was released in 1982.
The land which is now Peterborough County was originally part of Newcastle District before 1841, and the Colbourne District until 1850. At this time the United Counties of Peterborough and Victoria was created. In 1861, Victoria County was given independence from Peterborough. Peterborough County is made up of the following townships: Galway, Cavendish, Anstruther, Chandos, Harvey, Burleigh, Methuen, Ennismore, Smith, Douro, Dummer, Belmont, North Monaghan, Otonabee, and Asphodel. (taken from "Illustrated Historical Atlas of Peterborough County 1825-1875." Peterborough: The Peterborough Historical Atlas Foundation Inc., 1975.)
The Canada Company which was created by John Galt, was established in late 1824, and incorporated by the British Parliament on July 27, 1825. The purpose of the Company was to obtain land in Upper Canada and to promote the sale of such land to prospective settlers. In 1826 the Company purchased 2.5 million acres (1 million hectares) from the government for $295 000. Approximately half of the land lay within the Huron Tract and the rest of the land consisted of scattered crown reserves. The company was dissolved on December 18, 1953.
Library and Archives Canada holds these records as R.G. 10 which is the Department of Indian Affairs from 1677-1978 and contains 1750.6 m of textual and graphic material.(See also General Guide Series 1983, Federal Archives Division in the Trent University Archives Reading Room.)
The Department of Lands and Forests, 1920-1972, was a department of the Government of Ontario based under the Ministry of Natural Resources. Before 1920 it was known as the Department of Lands, Mines and Forests, 1906-1920; The Crown Lands Department, 1827-1905 and the Office of the Surveyor General (Upper Canada), 1792-1827. (Taken from: The Archives of Ontario Guide to Holdings)
Jacques Cartier is credited with the discovery of the country of Canada in 1535. The area which was first considered Canada was the area around Stadacona, later known as Quebec City. The name Canada later became synonymous with New France in the 1600's. As French explorers and fur traders pushed westward and southward in their travels, the area to which Canada referred to increased, but specific geographic boundaries were never firmly established. In 1791, the Constitutional Act, or Canada Act divided Canada, also known as Quebec at this time, into the two distinct provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In 1841, the provinces were united to form the Province of Canada. The British North America Act of 1867 united the Province of Canada (now divided into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. This union created the Dominion of Canada. At first, the geographic area was relatively small, but it rapidly grew with the purchase of Rupert's Land in 1870 which extended the country to the Rocky Mountains in the west and to the Arctic Ocean in the north. In 1871 British Columbia joined Confederation, extending the country from sea to sea. Prince Edward Island joined Canada in 1873 and Britain handed over title to the arctic islands in 1880. The geography of Canada as we know it today was completed in 1949 when Newfoundland and Labrador joined the Dominion of Canada. The name Canada is taken from the Huron Iroquois word "kanata", meaning village, or settlement.
Fisher Gauge Ltd. is a family-owned business that was founded in Peterborough, Ontario in 1942 by toolmaker and designer R.F. (Bill) Fisher. Its earliest customers were General Electric, Westinghouse, Western Electric, and Massey Harris. The company, now known as FisherCast Global, manufactures special-purpose die casting components for customers world-wide (information taken from FisherCast Global Web site, 2004).
In 1852, William Lyon Mackenzie introduced to the Legislative Assembly a resolution asking for a survey of the Huron-Ottawa Territory. His intent was to increase settlement within the uninhabited region of Canada West, to encourage immigration from Europe, and discourage emigration from the province. This resolution, along with similar recommendations, led to the Colonization Roads policy, and ultimately to the passing of the Public Land Act in 1853 by the Legislature. This Act allowed the government "to appropriate as free grants any public land in the province to actual settlers, upon or in the vicinity of any public roads in any new settlements which shall or may be opened through the Lands of the Crown." The policy and the Act led to surveys for many new roads in the northern portion of Canada West, including the Burleigh Road in 1860-1861 by James W. Fitzgerald. The original survey indicated that the road was to extend north from Burleigh rapids through the Townships of Burleigh, Anstruther, Chandos, Cardiff, Monmouth, and Dudley and end where it intersected the Peterson Road. By 1862, 23 miles of the proposed road had been constructed, running north from Burleigh Bridge. With the survey and proposed construction of the Monck Road, it was decided not to extend the Burleigh Road as far north as the Peterson Road, but only to the Monck Road, which resulted in a total distance of 43 miles for the Burleigh Road. Due to the poor quality of the Burleigh Road, settlement of the surrounding townships was extremely slow and it never achieved the importance of some of the other Colonization Roads. The Burleigh Road no longer exists today. (Taken from: Murray, Florence B. "Muskoka and Haliburton 1915-1875: a collection of documents." Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1963. Spragge, George W. "Colonization Roads in Canada West, 1850-1867." Ontario History. Vol. XLIX, no. 1, 1957.)
The Hambeltonian Stallion "Boxer" was bred by Ira Emmerson, of Adams, in Jefferson County in New York State. He was jet black in colour and stood 16 hands high. He obtained a speed of 2.33 and 1/2 in Watertown, New York in 1888. He had been raced twelve times of which he had won six of those races; came in second three times; came in third once; tied second and third place once and came in unplaced once. Boxer was sired by Jefferson Prince. His proprietor in 1889 was James Baptie of Springville, Ontario.
The Friends of the Bata Library was established in 1978 as a support group for the Bata Library. It consisted of citizens who held regular evenings with guest speakers and whose membership fees contributed to donations to the library and archives at Trent University. The initial meeting was held May 23, 1978 with Professors Gordon Roper, R.D. Chambers, F.A. Hagar, Graham Cogley, Elwood Jones, Librarian John Wiseman, and Head Librarian Brian Heeney. They proposed that Michael Treadwell head the Friends of the Bata Library Steering Committee as chairman and in the summer of 1978 Brian Heeney and F.A. Hagar were to contact various colleges and universities in the U.S.A., Britain and Canada to find information about other Friends programs. By October 12, 1978 the formation of a Friends group at Trent was well under way. The committee outlined the purpose of the new group as fostering the role of the Library as the intellectual heart of the University and community which it served. The Friends would be helping to accomplish their purpose through their fees thus providing a special fund for the acquisitions of rare books and manuscripts by encouraging gifts and bequests of books and manuscripts from the wider community and by enriching the intellectual life of the University through their participation in the meetings of the Friends. The meetings took the form of informal lectures and seminars on subjects of general interest, while focusing on the Library's collections and archives. The committee solicited members by inviting people to become founding members and to come to the founding meeting of the new group. The founding meeting was held October 27, 1978 at 4:OO pm with the official opening of the Bata Library's new A.J.M. Smith Collection with Dr. Smith being the guest of honour and speaker. With diminishing attendance in the years leading up to 2011, a memorandum of agreement pertaining to the Friends’ endowed funds was signed on April 19, 2011 between Trent University as represented by the University Library and the Executive Committee of the Friends of Bata Library. Under the terms of the agreement, the Friends continues to support the library and archives through the purchase of rare and special materials.
The Department of Labour came into existence with the passing of the Conciliation Act of 1900. The original objectives of the Department were the preparation and publication of the "Labour Gazette"; settlement of industrial disputes under the terms of the Conciliation Act; promotion of fair wage payment and proper conditions; and administration of the Alien Labour Acts. Initially, the administration of the Department was the responsibility of the Postmaster General, until 1909, when the Office of the Minister of Labour was established under a separate Cabinet portfolio. Additional responsibilities have been added to the Department over the years. It was involved in the creation of a system of national employment offices after 1918; and after 1926, in the implementation of Canada's first old age pension plan. In 1940, the Department began to administer unemployment insurance. After 1945, it became increasingly involved in the creation, planning, and administration of the Canada Labour Code. (Taken from: "Government Archives Division: General Guide Series." Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada, 1991.)
The Department of Railways and Canals was created in 1879 by extracting from the Department of Public Works its Railway Branch and the operational responsibilities for canals administered by the Office of the Chief Engineer, and combining them to form a new ministry composed of the two branches (the Railway Branch and the Canal Branch). The Railway Branch was responsible for the construction, operation, and maintenance of government-owned railways, and administered a program of financial assistance designed to encourage railway companies to construct new lines. The Canal Branch supervised the operation, maintenance, and enlargement of the Canadian Canal System and undertook the construction of new canals when required. In 1936, the Department of Railways and Canals was amalgamated with the Department of Marine and the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence to form the Department of Transport. (Taken from: Canada. "National Archives General Guide Series: Government Archives Division." Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada, 1991.)
On March 17, 1862 the position of Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs was created and William Spragge was appointed to this postion. At Confederation, control of Indian matters was given to the federal government and this responsibilty was delegated to the Department of Secretary of State for the Provinces. The Secretary of State became Superintendent General of Indian Affairs. In 1873 the Department of the Interior was created and an Indians and Indian Lands Branch was set up within it. As a result, the Minister of the Interior became the Superintendent General. The following year, L. Vankoughnet was appointed Deputy Superintendent General. In 1876 the Indian Act was passed which consolidated and revised all previous legislation dealing with Indians in all existing Provinces and Territories. Four years later, in 1880, the Independent Department of Indian Affairs was set up. However, the Minister of the Interior remained Superintendent General of Indian Affairs. In 1893, Hayter Reed was appointed Deputy Superintendent General and remained in this position until 1897 when James A. Smart, Deputy Minister of the Interior, took over the position. In 1902, Francis Pedley was appointed Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs thus ending the system where bythe Deputy of the Interior held that post. Under Pedley, the departmental structure of Indian Affairs was restructured. Several distinct branches were set up to reflect the expansion of the Department's activities. These were the Secretaries Branch, the Accountant's Branch, the Land and Timber Branch, the Survey Branch, and the School Branch. In 1913, Duncan Campbell Scott was appointed as Deputy Superindendent of Indian Affairs, a position which he retained until 1932. The Department continued to exist until 1936 when it was made a branch of the Department of Mines and Resources.(Taken from: "Public Records Division, General InventorySeries : No. 1 Records relating to Indian Affairs (RG 10)."Ottawa: Public Archives of Canada, 1975.)
The Canadian Association in Support of Native Peoples is an association of natives and non-natives in support of natives. It was originally established in 1957 under the name of the National Commission on the Indian Canadian and was a non-native organization created to study the "Indian problem". The first chairman of the Commission was Mrs. W.H. Clark. By February 1958 it had become apparent that the problems of the native peoples were much more complex than first anticipated, and it was decided to involve aboriginal peoples in the Commission to help find viable solutions. In 1960, the Indian-Eskimo Association was incorporated, with Mrs. Clark as the first president. The I.E.A. had several functions which included encouraging native leaders to form organizations, fund-raising, organizing workshops to discuss native housing, community and economic development, and providing advice and support in legal matters. Also, provincial and regional divisions were created to help deal with specific native issues, not just native problems on a general level. By 1968, several national and provincial native organizations had been organized. In September of the same year, leaders of the native organizations met with representatives of the I.E.A. to discuss the future role of the Association. It was agreed that the native organizations still needed the I.E.A.'s support, but that they should begin to deal directly with governments, without the I.E.A. acting as the middleman. It was clear that the future of the I.E.A. was to provide only support and advice to the developing native organizations. In 1972, many of the recommendations made in 1968 had come into effect. The name was changed to the Canadian Association in Support of Native Peoples to reflect the new functions of the Association more accurately. At this time, regional offices of the Association were closed, and the head office moved from Toronto to Ottawa. The Association dissolved in 2015.
It is believed that in 1880 John E. Belcher built the house for William Hamilton, the developer of a machine shop which became one of Peterborough's largest and most important industries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The house is solid brick, cream in colour, and has a two storey projecting bay with portico and entrance. The William Hamilton house is presently owned by the Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation for the Diocese of Peterborough. A request for designation in accordance with the provisions of the Ontario Heritage Act, 1974, was filed 31 October 1985 by the Peterborough Architectural Conservation Advisory Committee.
Organized at Trent University, Canadian Images was developed as a film festival after the visit of Gerry Pratley of the Ontario Film Institute to a fourth year Trent seminar. 1978 was the first year the festival took place and every single screen at Trent was used and some screens at the commercial film theatres in the City of Peterborough were used as well. Artists such as Budge Crawley, Michael Snow and Joyce Weiland attended in the first year. Films, displays and seminars were held throughout the festival. Trent students helped visitors and delegates to the festival. Orm Mitchell and John Wadland were the force behind the first festival of which 8 500 people attended. In the next two years 20 000 people came from all over Canada to view the work of Canadian artists. In its fourth year a board of directors was established with Susan Ditta, a Trent graduate, as the Executive Director. Unfortunately Canadian Images started to operate under a deficit and after the unlawful screening of the uncut "A Message From Our Sponsor" the festival went downhill. The screening of "A Message From Our Sponsor" resulted in a court case between the Ontario Film Censorship Board, acting under the Ontario Theatres Act, and Susan Ditta and Ian McLachlan, festival chairman and English professor. They were found guilty after considerable expense to the University. In 1985 the Festival was shut down. (Taken from: Cole, A.O.C. "Trent the Making of a University, 1957-1987." 1992.)
The Canadian Red Cross was established by Surgeon-Major George Sterling Ryerson. He participated in the North-West Rebellion of 1885 and used a red cross to protect his horse-drawn ambulance. The Red Cross Society was founded by Henri Dunant in Geneva, Switzerland in an effort to gain neutral status for medical personnel during war time in order to help the wounded. The Society spread throughout the world and it was formally established in Canada by Major Ryerson in 1896. In 1909 the Canadian Red Cross was incorporated by the federal government. It has been active in setting up outpost hospitals in remote parts of the country. It offers a wide range of services in addition to the national blood transfusion service. (Taken from: "The Canadian Encyclopedia." Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985.)
The Gummed Address Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States was a mail order company for a number of different objects such as Magic Lanterns, Magic Kits as well as games, tricks and home amusements, rubber stamps and ink, song books, gummed address labels, watches and cameras. The Gummed Address Company resided at 126 South Eighth Street in Pennsylvania and George R. Allen was the manager in 1892.
The West Island Naturalists' Club was formed in 1972. In 1974 the name was changed to the Catharine Traill Naturalists' Club in honour of one of Canada's first botanists and naturalists. The club is supported by the staff of John Abbott College and Macdonald College of McGill University. The Club intended to draw members from the Robert Baldwin, Vaudreuil and Soulange Counties but has many national and a few international members including the British Museum, which keeps Club newsletters on file. Membership has often exceeded two hundred persons. The objective of the club is to encourage conservation and foster understanding of everything in local environment and surrounding areas. This is achieved through series of lectures and field trips based on a variety of subjects found in the natural environment. The Club first dealt with its own region, but, as its membership grew it was able to help lobby for other regions.
The Township of Hope is located in Durham County approximately 60 miles east of Toronto. It is surrounded by Northumberland, Cavan and Clarke townships, and Lake Ontario to the south. In 1792 Governor Simcoe issued the proclamation dividing Upper Canada into townships and the Township of Hope was formed. The township was named after Colonel Henry Hope, who was the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from 1785-1789. (taken from The History of the Township of Hope by Harold Reeve, 1967).