The New Left Movement was an international movement of the 1960's which consisted of mainly youth and students. The Movement originated in the 1950's "Ban the Bomb" movement. The New Left Movement dealt with such topics as the Vietnam War, Third World liberation issues and Women's liberation movement etc. The New Left Movement criticised the Old Left. They felt that there should be local control of the political process, accessibility to political and social institutions. They advocated confrontations with modern capitalism by dissident intelligentsia, the poor, natives and ethnic minorities. In Canada, issues raised were nuclear disarmament, community organization, separatism, and sexual inequality. The Movement broke apart in the 1970's. (Taken from: "The Canadian Encyclopedia." Vol. II. Edmonton: Hurting Publishers.)
In 1792, the United Counties of Northumberland and Durham, in the District of Newcastle, were officially created in a proclamation made by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. The proclamation divided Upper Canada in 19 Counties for representation purposes. The United Counties are bounded by Lake Ontario in the south, Hasting County in the east, Ontario County in the west and Peterborough and Victoria Counties in the north. The town line between Hope and Hamilton Townships divide the two counties. Durham County consists of the Townships of Cartwright, Manvers, Cavan, Darlington, Clarke and Hope. Northumberland County consists of South Monaghan, Hamilton, Haldimand, Alnwick, Percy, Cramahe, Seymour, Brighton and Murray Townships. (Taken from: "Illustrated Historical Atlas of Northumberland and Durham Counties, Ontario." Belleville: Mika Silk Screening Limited, 1972.)
Over a 25-year period beginning in 1985, politicians, bureaucrats and experts worked together to establish a municipal waste landfill site on a section of farmland in the County of North Simcoe, Ontario. The proposed 50-acre site, located in Tiny Township approximately 40 kilometres northwest of Barrie, was met with wide opposition and a campaign known as “Stop Dump Site 41” was launched. Area resident Stephen Ogden, recognized as the leader of the campaign, represented the group opposing the location and attended approximately 180 environmental assessment hearings pertaining to the proposed site. The campaign reached a successful conclusion in 2010.
A few years precipitating the search for the new site, a private site known as the Pauze Dump, located in Tiny Township, was identified as a source of drinking water contamination in the area, the cause being associated with legal and illegal dumping of industrial waste. Six communities in the County of North Simcoe subsequently came together to form the North Simcoe Waste Management Association (NSWMA), with a goal of finding a new waste landfill site.
The efforts of the NSWMA resulted in the selection of the location known as Site 41 in the southern part of Tiny Township. In 1989, an application for this site was rejected after 69 days of hearings by the Environmental Assessment Board. The NSWMA challenged the decision through the Lieutenant Governor in Council; an “Order in Council” was subsequently issued, allowing the proponent an opportunity to produce more evidence. In 1996, the Joint Board, after 110 days of additional hearings, approved the site. One of the approval conditions was that a Community Monitoring Committee (CMC) was to be created to oversee the development and operation of the site. The design and operational plans were approved by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and a Certificate of Approval spelling out the rules of operation was issued. The County of Simcoe took over the responsibility for waste management for the entire County and this resulted in the elimination of the NSWMA. Through the actions of the CMC, the County and the MOE were obligated to respond to all concerns raised by citizens of the County.
On 31 October 2007, the County announced plans to open the new landfill site in 2009. Community resistance continued to build. First Nations opposed the site, along with many others including Maude Barlow, internationally known as an advocate of human right to water and also then national Chair of the Council of Canadians. First Nations, farmers, cottagers, and other citizens held protests opposite the proposed site and through a march to Queen’s Park and confrontations with police led to charges and arrests.
Under the weight of public pressure, the County of Simcoe passed a one-year moratorium in August 2009. A month later, the plan to build Site 41 was voted down by Simcoe County Council. In May 2010, the County asked the MOE to revoke the MOE Certificate of Approval and this request was granted. The County took action to ensure that the area known as Site 41 is never to be developed as a landfill or to have any associated use. The lands are now in private ownership and once again are being farmed.
The Newcastle District Loan Company of Upper Canada operated in the early 1800's. It's president was George Hall and its' currency was in pounds and shillings. It was one of the nine district banks which was not granted a charter in 1860's.
North Monaghan is the smallest township in the County of Peterborough. It is bounded on the north by the township of Smith, on the south by the County of Northumberland, on the west by Cavan township (County of Durham), and on the east by the Otonabee River. The Township was first surveyed by Samuel Wilmot in 1817 and settlement began the same year. In 1818, Wilmot wrote to the surveyor general, suggesting that lots 14, 15, and 16 on concession 13 be reserved as a site for a village. This site became the village of Peterborough and remained as such until January 1, 1850, when it was officially severed from North Monaghan and incorporated as the Town of Peterborough. As a result, North Monaghan lost 350 families (2,100 persons), and numerous businesses, industries, shops and services. In the 1852 census return, the number of householders left in North Monaghan totalled 100. The only village which remained in the township was Springville which is situated on the boundary of North Monaghan and Cavan townships. Due to North Monaghan's close proximity with the town of Peterborough and Cavan township, there was never a need to re-build the resources which were lost to Peterborugh in 1850, and today, North Monaghan township is very much a "suburb" of the City of Peterborough.
The North West Company was a major force in the fur trade between the 1780's and 1821. The Company was formed by Highland Scots, Loyalists and Canadian labourers. Montreal traders pooled their resources to reduce competition amongst themselves and to resist the advances being made by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1783 and 1784 the North West Company was formally organized with the Frobisher brothers and Simon McTavish holding the controlling shares. The annual trade at this time was approximately 100 000 pounds. Their rivals included the Hudson's Bay Company and Gregory, McLeod and Company. In mid-1787 the Nor'westors and Gregory and McLeod amalgamated, with the Frobishers and McTavish running the business from Montreal, while Alexander MacKenzie led their inland expansion. By 1795 the Nor'westers had another strong rival in the New North West Company or XY Company. The two Companies merged in 1804. In 1821 a parliamentary Act granted the Hudson's Bay Company; and William and Simon McGillivray and Edward Ellice of the North West Company, the exclusive trading rights with Britain. The Companies effectively worked together and expanded their fur trading enterprises together without the competition. (Taken from: "The Canadian Encyclopedia." Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985.)
The Ontario Advisory Committee on Confederation (O.A.C.C.) was established in 1965. Ian Macdonald (chief economist of the Department of Economics and Development) was named chairman. The principal function of the Committee was to advise the Ontario government concerning its relationship with other provincial governments and the federal government in the area on constitutional requirements. A Globe and Mail article entitled "Confederation Committee Terms Set Out" stated that "The Premier [John Robarts] said future requirements for the province in connection with British North America must by studied. Certain goals and objections in the fields of biculturalism or multiculturalism and bilingualism must be attained."
The Library and Archives Canada was established in 1872 to acquire and preserve materials of lasting national significance.
In 1948, the camp at Bark Lake was started as a wilderness camp for boys and was financed through the government of Ontario. In 1953, girls were admitted, and the camp operated in July for girls, and in August for boys. In 1969 the Leadership Camp was established to teach youth leadership skills. The camp was later closed [1993].
In 1900 A.L. Cochrane established the first private camp in Ontario. By 1925, the number of private camps in Ontario had increased to only six or seven. The camps established during this time period (1900-1925) were mainly for boys over the age of thirteen. Co-ed camps were unheard of at this time. As of 1925, the private camps were making headway in their development and agency camps, such as the Y.M.C.A., were opening up across the province. The leaders and directors of these camps, wanting to keep abreast of new trends, began to regularly attend the American Camping Association conventions, due to the absence of a Canadian or Ontario camping association. This situation, although helpful to the evolution of camps in Ontario, was not ideal. Issues relevant to Canadian camps, and camp leaders and directors, were not being addressed by the American association. As a result, the camp leaders in Ontario decided to form their own group. In the first few years, the meetings were informal, and held in private homes. The first members were A.L. Cochrane, H.E. Chapman, Mary Edgar, Mary Hamilton, Fern Halliday, and Taylor and Ethel Statten. One of the main topics of discussion centered on the need for a camping association in Ontario. In 1933, this group of private camp leaders and directors formally founded the Ontario Camping Association. Taylor Statten was made the first chairman of the Association. It was decided by the founding members that the Association would not just be for private camps, but would be open to anyone engaged in any aspect of camping. The interests of the founders of the Association encompassed the development and maintenance of high camping standards in the field of camping for children and an appreciation of the wider aspects of the camping movement. They believed that through discussion and consideration of common camping policies and problems, and by mutual exchange of ideas and knowledge, better camping would be achieved. The Ontario Camping Association was responsible for the development and implementation of standards for Ontario's children's camps, and, in 1941, in conjunction with the Provincial Department of Health, made the licensing of all camps mandatory. The headquarters of the Association are located in Toronto, Ontario. In 2012, the Ontario Camping Association changed its name to Ontario Camps Association.
The Liberal Party has dominated federal politics throughout the 20th century. The party first developed its formula for success under the leadership of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who was Prime Minister from 1896 to 1911. The party's ideologies developed from its position as the opposition in the 19th century and they are based on reform principles and the concept of responsible government. The Liberal Party has traditionally been anti-British in its policies and platforms unlike its Conservative counterpart. Notable Liberal leaders include Sir Wilfrid Laurier, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Lester B. Pearson, and Pierre Elliot Trudeau. (information taken from "The Canadian Encyclopedia," first edition, 1985)
Lubicon Lake Cree Indian Band resides near Lubicon Lake in Northern Alberta, away from the Athabasca and Peace River systems and populated posts. They lived quietly as a hunting and trapping society until the 1970's when the push for fossil fuels came into force in Alberta. A treaty, called Treaty 8, was sent out in 1899/1900 to adhere the natives in the entire area but it missed the Lubicon Lake Band because they were so isolated. The Band contends that they do not have to adhere to this Treaty since they had never done so before. They are fighting with the federal government for recognition and a separate treaty. Unfortunately the push for fossil fuels by the Alberta government and others has invaded the traditional hunting and trapping grounds of the Lubicon Lake Band and as a result they are struggling to retain their way of life. (Taken from: Myers, Kenneth Murray. "The Struggle for a Way of Life: The History of the the Lubicon Lake Cree Land Claim (1899-1989)." 1990) As of September 1996 the land claim dispute has not been settled.
Ontario County derived its name from Lake Ontario. It is bounded on the south by the Lake and has three harbours: Whitby, Oshawa and Frenchman's Bay. It received its municipal status January 1, 1854. Before then it was part of York County. In 1851, by proclamation, York, Ontario and Peel Counties were made the United Counties of York, Ontario and Peel. In 1852 Ontario broke away from the United Counties to form its own separate county. Peter Perry, an early settler and prominent citizen of Whitby, was instrumental in the separation. The county has two ridings: North and South Ontario. The townships within Ontario County's borders are: Whitby (and the town of Whitby), East Whitby, Pickering, Uxbridge (and the village of Uxbridge), Rama, Scugog, Thorah, Scott, Brock, Mara and Reach. There are also the villages of Port Perry, Cannington and Oshawa, which was the first village in the county. (Taken from: The Illustrated Historical Atlas of Ontario County, Ontario. Belleville: Mika Silk Screening Ltd., 1972.)
The Ontario Natives Development Fund Inc. was organized in 1968 through the Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada to raise and distribute money to Native organizations which were encountering difficulty in obtaining government assistance, and to educate the Canadian public about the Native situation (taken from a ONDF press release, May 21, 1970). The Windsor Committee of the ONDF was established in 1969.
The Ontario Native Development Fund was established by the Indian-Eskimo Association and the Union of Ontario Indians in 1968. It was incorporated in 1969. The purpose of the fund was to provide native organizations with financial and other forms of assistance. Substantial funds were raised through walkathons called Moccasin Miles.
The Ontario Research Council on Leisure was founded in 1975. It promotes and disseminates research articles on a number of topics concerning recreation and leisure including sports, fitness, culture and tourism. The Council is composed of researchers in the leisure field from government, academe, and consultancies to other agencies. The Council draws its' members from a wide range of people who are interested in leisure and recreation research. The Council is responsible for the publication of the Journal of Applied Recreation Research and Recreation Research Review. (Taken from: The Journal of Applied Recreation Research. Vol. 15, No. 2. Waterloo: University of Waterloo Press, 1989/90.)
Ontario's Heritage: A Guide to Archival Resources, Volume One, Peterborough Region was published in 1978 by the Toronto Area Archivists Group (TAAG) with Robert D. Taylor-Vaisey as the Regional Project Director. Ontario's Heritage is comprised of 15 volumes covering the different regions of Ontario. The project was conceived by Robert Taylor-Vaisey when he saw the need for a series of guides identifying research resources in local regions of the province. Each volume was an attempt to indicate both the extent and availability of records relating to each of the 15 regions for researchers. By approaching TAAG and preparing a proposal with Gordon Dodds, Taylor-Vaisey was able to get the project off the ground. The project was funded through a grant under the Wintario's Heritage Conservation Programme through the Ministry of Culture and Recreation. TAAG sponsored the project with support and personnel in aid of publishing the volumes.
The 1986 Ontario Summer Games were held in Peterborough, Ontario from July 17th to 20th. The Games are a provincial festival of sports specifically designed to promote the healthy development of amateur sports across Ontario. In the 1986 games, there were approximately 2000 participants involved in 19 different sporting events. The events ranged from baseball, basketball, softball, volleyball, cricket, track and field, lacrosse, field hockey and rugby to sailing, canoeing, waterskiing, cycling, rifle target shooting and lawn bowling. Most of the funding for the Games came from the provincial government, namely from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
The 1980 Ontario Summer Games were held in Peterborough, Ontario from August 22nd to the 25th. The Games are a provincial festival of sports specifically designed to promote the healthy development of amateur sports across Ontario. In the1980 games, there were 2300 participants involved in 21 different sporting events. The events ranged from softball, soccer, track and field, and wrestling to canoeing, golf, lacrosse, lawn bowling, and waterskiing. Most of the funding for the Games comes from the provincial government, namely from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Professor Peter Adams of Trent University was the Chairman of the 1980 Ontario Summer Games.
The Ontario Temperance Federation operated at 39 Davenport Road in Toronto during the 1950s. It produced pamphlets and advertising in the form of posters, films and lectures on the effects of alcohol on people. It reproduced newspapers, articles and letters in order to put across the message that alcohol was a disruptive influence in a person's life. The Federation targeted religious groups, schools and social groups. The Federation originated out of the early temperance societies of the 1800s and the prohibition groups of the 1920s. It produced "The Temperance Advocate," a newsletter aimed at educating the public on the effects of alcohol on a person's intellectual and motor skills.
This Opera House was located on George Street in Peterborough, Ontario, on the site of the Odeon Theatre.
In 1795, the Protestant Orange Order was formed at Loughgall, County Armagh, Ireland, to commemorate the victory of William of Orange at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The immediate aim of the Orange Order was to protect the local Protestant community from Catholic aggression, but the organization quickly assumed the larger role of defending the Protestant Ascendency in the Government of Ireland. Within the next five years, Orange Lodges had sprung up across the Protestant sectors of Ireland and in the industrial centres of England. As well, the movement had spread across the Atlantic with the emigration of Irish settlers. The first Grand Lodge of British North America was founded in Brockville, Upper Canada, January 1, 1830, by Ogle R. Gowan. By 1835, there were 154 Orange Lodges in British North America. Orangeism had arrived in Upper Canada at the beginning of the 19th century, but the history of the Orange Order is unclear until 1830. For many pioneer men, the Orange Lodge was more of a social organization than a religious organization. It was not necessary, as it was in Ireland, for the lodge to act in a protective manner against the aggression of Catholics. The Orange Lodge provided its members with a sense of fraternity, loyalty, convivality, identity, and continuity. This was important to the early pioneers who had settled in the region, as feelings of isolation and dislocation were common. Orangemen had pass words and secret signs of recognition for each other. Also, an Orangeman could advance through several levels based on his stature and competence within the organization: the Orange, the Blue, the Royal Arch Purple, the Scarlet, and the Black Knight. Orange Lodges were quickly established in the Peterborough region between 1830 and 1833 due to the settlement of large numbers of Irish Protestant emigrants. Later, the British and Scottish settlers in the region would join the lodge. Orangeism remained strong in Ontario over the following 160 years, and in the City of Peterborough, an Orange Hall still exists. (Taken from: Houston, Cecil J. and William Smyth. The Sash Canada Wore. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.)
In 1795, the Protestant Orange Order was formed at Loughgall, County Armagh, Ireland, to commemorate the victory of William of Orange at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The immediate aim of the Orange Order was to protect the local Protestant community from Catholic aggression, but the organization quickly assumed the larger role of defending the Protestant Ascendency in the Government of Ireland. Within the next five years, Orange Lodges had sprung up across the Protestant sectors of Ireland and in the industrial centres of England. As well, the movement had spread across the Atlantic with the emigration of Irish settlers. The first Grand Lodge of British North America was founded in Brockville, Upper Canada, January 1, 1830, by Ogle R. Gowan. By 1835, there were 154 Orange Lodges in British North America. Orangeism had arrived in Upper Canada at the beginning of the 19th century, but the history of the Orange Order is unclear until 1830. For many pioneer men, the Orange Lodge was more of a social organization than a religious organization. It was not necessary, as it was in Ireland, for the lodge to act in a protective manner against the aggression of Catholics. The Orange Lodge provided its members with a sense of fraternity, loyalty, convivality, identity, and continuity. This was important to the early pioneers who had settled in the region, as feelings of isolation and dislocation were common. Orangemen had pass words and secret signs of recognition for each other. Also, an Orangeman could advance through several levels based on his stature and competence within the organization: the Orange, the Blue, the Royal Arch Purple, the Scarlet, and the Black Knight. Orange Lodges were quickly established in the Peterborough region between 1830 and 1833 due to the settlement of large numbers of Irish Protestant emigrants. Later, the British and Scottish settlers in the region would join the lodge. Orangeism remained strong in Ontario over the following 160 years, and in the City of Peterborough, an Orange Hall still exists. (Taken from: Houston, Cecil J. and William Smyth. The Sash Canada Wore. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.)